Estudo comparativo das emissões de aldeídos originados pelo veículo à diesel com o uso do óleo diesel comercial, biodiesel e suas misturas
Data
2017-11-15
Autores
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Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP
Universidade de São Paulo
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos
Universidade de São Paulo
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos
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Em razão do óleo diesel combustível automotivo, conter 2% de biodiesel e por não existir ainda regulamentação de emissões para os aldeídos dos veículos do ciclo Diesel, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar as emissões de aldeídos dessa categoria de veículos, utilizando-se o óleo diesel com 2% de biodiesel (B2) e 100% de biodiesel de soja (B100) como combustível. Procurou-se também, avaliar as emissões de aldeídos de um veículo leve do ciclo Otto com e sem o conversor catalítico, a fim de comparar suas emissões com o veiculo do ciclo diesel, uma vez que o programa de controle da poluição do ar por veículos automotores estabeleceu limite de emissão de aldeídos totais, (formaldeído + acetaldeído) para os veículos leves novos do ciclo Otto, movidos a gasolina, etanol hidratado e suas misturas. Os ensaios foram realizados no laboratório de emissão veicular da CETESB em dinamômetro de chassi, seguindo um ciclo de condução urbano padronizado. Os aldeídos foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alto desempenho. Os ensaios foram realizados com o veículo de marca Citröen modelo JUMPER 2.8 L ano/modelo 2006 para o ciclo Diesel e com o veículo de marca VW modelo FOX 1.6 Flex ano/modelo 2005 com e sem o conversor catalítico para o ciclo Otto. Nos ensaios realizados com o veículo JUMPER, além de medir as emissões de formaldeído e acetaldeído, mediu-se também as emissões de acroleína, propionaldeído, butiraldeído e benzaldeído. Observou-se na emissão, a presença de outras carbonilas e cetonas, tais como: crotonaldeído, metacroleína, 2-butanona, valeraldeído e p-tolualdeído, porém, essas carbonilas não foram quantificadas nesse estudo, em razão de não dispormos de padrões individuais certificados. Os ensaios demonstraram que com o uso do B2, as emissões de formaldeído variaram de 7,6 e 14,9 mg/km; o acetaldeído de 4,5 e 8,9 mg/km; a acroleína de 2,7 e 5,8 mg/km; o pr butiraldeído 0,4 e 0,7 mg/km e o benzaldeído de 0,2 e 0,3 mg/km, enquanto que com o uso do B100 as emissões de formaldeído variaram de 18,8 e 21,1 mg/km; o acetaldeído de 7,5 e 8,3 mg/km; a acroleína de 5,2 e 6,2 mg/km; o propionaldeído de 0,5 e 0,6 mg/km; o butiraldeído de 0,4 mg/km e o benzaldeído de 0,4 mg/km. Verificou-se que com o uso do B2, a emissão média foi de 48% para o formaldeído e 29% para o acetaldeído e representava 77% dos aldeídos totais (17,9 mg/km). Com o uso do B100, a emissão média foi de 57% para o formaldeído e 23% para o acetaldeído e representava 80% dos aldeídos totais (27,9 mg/km). Pode-se, observar nesse trabalho que a emissão média encontrada de 17,9 e 27,9 mg/km de aldeídos totais (formaldeído e acetaldeído) do veículo Diesel em relação à emissão do veículo Otto, não é desprezível, uma vez que o limite de emissão de aldeídos totais para os veículos leves fabricados a partir de 1997 era de 30,0 mg/km e passou a 20,0 mg/km para os veículos fabricados a partir de 2009, portanto, conclui-se que a realização de mais ensaios, inclusive em dinamômetro de motores e com outras categorias de veículos, contribuirá para detalhar o perfil das emissões de aldeídos da frota dos veículos a Diesel e biodiesel, além de determinar fatores de deterioração destes veículos, bem como ajudar no inventário de emissões destes poluentes.
Since of the automotive diesel fuel contains 2% biodiesel and there exists no regulation of emissions of aldehydes of Diesel cycle vehicles, this paper aims to evaluate the emissions of aldehydes of such a category of vehicles, using diesel oil with 2% biodiesel (B2) and 100% soybean biodiesel (B100) as fuel. It also aims to evaluate the emissions of aldehydes from a light Otto cycle vehicle with and without the catalytic converter in order to compare their emissions with the Diesel cycle vehicle, as the control program for air pollution by motor vehicles has set a limit of emissions of total aldehydes (formaldehyde + acetaldehyde) for new light Otto cycle vehicles, powered by gasoline, hydrated ethanol and its mixtures thereof. The tests were conducted in the vehicle emission laboratory of environmental sanitation agency (CETESB) on a chassis dynamometer, following a standard urban driving cycle. The aldehydes were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The tests were conducted in a Citröen JUMPER 2.8 L vehicle model year/model 2006 for the Diesel cycle, a VW FOX 1.6 Flex vehicle model year/model 2005 with and without the catalytic converter for the Otto cycle. In the tests with the Jumper vehicle, the emissions of both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, and acrolein, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde were measured. It was possible to observe, the presence of carbonyl and other ketones, such as crotonaldehyde, methacrolein, 2-butanone, valeraldehyde and p-tolualdehyde. However these carbonyls were not quantified in this study, as there are no certified individual standards. The tests showed that by using B2, the emissions of formaldehyde ranged from 7.6 to 14.9 mg/km, acetaldehyde from 4.5 to 8.9 mg/km, acrolein from 2.7 to 5.8 mg/km, propionaldehyde from 0.4 to 0.6 mg/km, butyraldehyde from 0.4 to 0.7 mg/km, and benzaldehyde from 0.2 to 0.3 mg/km, while using B100 emissions of formaldehyde ranged from 18.8 to 21.1 mg/km, acetaldehyde from 7.5 to 8.3 mg/km, acrolein from 5.2 to 6.2 mg/km, propionaldehyde from 0.5 to 0.6 mg/km, butyraldehyde of 0.4 mg/km, and benzaldehyde of 0.4 mg/km. It was found that by using B2, the average emissions were 48% for formaldehyde and 29% for acetaldehyde, representing 77% of total aldehydes (17.9 mg/km). Using B100, the average emissions were 57% for formaldehyde and 23% for acetaldehyde, representing 80% of total aldehydes (27.9 mg/km). It was possible to observe in this study that the average emissions of 17.9 and 27.9 mg/km of total aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) of Diesel vehicle emissions in the Otto vehicle, are significant, since the emission limit of total aldehydes for light vehicles manufactured from 1997 was 30.0 mg/km and passed to 20.0 mg/km for vehicles manufactured from 2009. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that performing more tests, including engine dynamometer and other types of vehicles, will detail the profile of the aldehyde emissions from the fleet of vehicles powered by diesel and biodiesel, as well as determine factors for the deterioration of these vehicles and assist in the inventory of emissions of these pollutants.
Since of the automotive diesel fuel contains 2% biodiesel and there exists no regulation of emissions of aldehydes of Diesel cycle vehicles, this paper aims to evaluate the emissions of aldehydes of such a category of vehicles, using diesel oil with 2% biodiesel (B2) and 100% soybean biodiesel (B100) as fuel. It also aims to evaluate the emissions of aldehydes from a light Otto cycle vehicle with and without the catalytic converter in order to compare their emissions with the Diesel cycle vehicle, as the control program for air pollution by motor vehicles has set a limit of emissions of total aldehydes (formaldehyde + acetaldehyde) for new light Otto cycle vehicles, powered by gasoline, hydrated ethanol and its mixtures thereof. The tests were conducted in the vehicle emission laboratory of environmental sanitation agency (CETESB) on a chassis dynamometer, following a standard urban driving cycle. The aldehydes were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The tests were conducted in a Citröen JUMPER 2.8 L vehicle model year/model 2006 for the Diesel cycle, a VW FOX 1.6 Flex vehicle model year/model 2005 with and without the catalytic converter for the Otto cycle. In the tests with the Jumper vehicle, the emissions of both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, and acrolein, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde were measured. It was possible to observe, the presence of carbonyl and other ketones, such as crotonaldehyde, methacrolein, 2-butanone, valeraldehyde and p-tolualdehyde. However these carbonyls were not quantified in this study, as there are no certified individual standards. The tests showed that by using B2, the emissions of formaldehyde ranged from 7.6 to 14.9 mg/km, acetaldehyde from 4.5 to 8.9 mg/km, acrolein from 2.7 to 5.8 mg/km, propionaldehyde from 0.4 to 0.6 mg/km, butyraldehyde from 0.4 to 0.7 mg/km, and benzaldehyde from 0.2 to 0.3 mg/km, while using B100 emissions of formaldehyde ranged from 18.8 to 21.1 mg/km, acetaldehyde from 7.5 to 8.3 mg/km, acrolein from 5.2 to 6.2 mg/km, propionaldehyde from 0.5 to 0.6 mg/km, butyraldehyde of 0.4 mg/km, and benzaldehyde of 0.4 mg/km. It was found that by using B2, the average emissions were 48% for formaldehyde and 29% for acetaldehyde, representing 77% of total aldehydes (17.9 mg/km). Using B100, the average emissions were 57% for formaldehyde and 23% for acetaldehyde, representing 80% of total aldehydes (27.9 mg/km). It was possible to observe in this study that the average emissions of 17.9 and 27.9 mg/km of total aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) of Diesel vehicle emissions in the Otto vehicle, are significant, since the emission limit of total aldehydes for light vehicles manufactured from 1997 was 30.0 mg/km and passed to 20.0 mg/km for vehicles manufactured from 2009. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that performing more tests, including engine dynamometer and other types of vehicles, will detail the profile of the aldehyde emissions from the fleet of vehicles powered by diesel and biodiesel, as well as determine factors for the deterioration of these vehicles and assist in the inventory of emissions of these pollutants.
Palavras-chave
Diesel, Acetaldeído, Limites de emissão, Aldeídos, Formaldeído, Biodiesel, Emissão veicular, Formaldehyde, Emission limits, Acetaldehyde, Diesel, Biodiesel, Aldehydes, Vehicle emission