Estruturas aeronáuticas de interior em compósito natural: fabricação, análise estrutural e de inflamabilidade
Data
2017-11-15
Autores
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Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP
Universidade de São Paulo
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos
Universidade de São Paulo
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos
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Descrição
O trabalho visou realizar um estudo sobre o comportamento mecânico e de inflamabilidade de estruturas aeronáuticas de interior fabricadas a partir de compósitos reforçados por fibras naturais, especificamente compósitos de resina fenólica com fibras de algodão e de sisal, verificando assim, a possibilidade de substituir compósitos sintéticos. Num primeiro momento, análises experimentais foram executadas para determinar as propriedades mecânicas dos materiais. Em seguida, análises computacionais foram realizadas, empregando as propriedades referentes aos compósitos sintéticos e reforçados por fibras naturais, utilizando critérios de falha e tendo como referência o desempenho do compósito sintético para uma dada estrutura aeronáutica de interior. Além disso, foram efetuadas análises do seu comportamento quanto à inflamabilidade. A incorporação de retardantes de chama foi necessária para que os compósitos reforçados por fibras naturais atendessem aos requisitos de certificação aeronáutica. Após o processo de aditivação, observou-se um aumento do módulo de elasticidade à flexão (55% para o compósito de algodão, 16% para o compósito de sisal) e a diminuição da tensão de ruptura à flexão dos compósitos reforçados por fibras naturais analisados (45% para o compósito de algodão, 55% para o compósito de sisal). No entanto, com o aumento da espessura da estrutura aeronáutica adotada (5,2% para o compósito de algodão, 10,7% para o compósito de sisal), conclui-se que a substituição do compósito sintético pelo natural seria viável. Isto acarretaria em um aumento de massa em 6,2%, caso a estrutura fosse fabricada em compósito reforçado por fibra de sisal. Finalmente, constatou-se que a fração mássica de aditivo utilizada tem grande potencial de otimização e, que a eficiência dos compósitos reforçados por fibras naturais ainda pode ser melhorada.
This dissertation has aimed to study the mechanical behavior and the flammability of aeronautical interior structures manufactured from composites reinforced by natural fibers, specifically phenolic resin and cotton and sisal fibers composites, verifying the possibility of synthetic composites replacement. Firstly, experimental analyses were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the materials. Then, computational analyses were carried out, using properties of synthetic composites and composites reinforced by natural fibers. Also, failure criteria were applied, considering the synthetic composite performance of an interior aeronautical structure as reference. Furthermore, the behavior regarding flammability was analyzed. The addition of flame retardants was necessary for the composites reinforced by natural fibers in order to attend the aeronautical certification requirements. After the addition of flame retardants, an increase in the flexural modulus of elasticity (55% for the cotton composite, 16% for the sisal composite) and a decrease in the flexural stress at break (45% for the cotton composite, 55% for the sisal composite) were observed. However, with an increase of the thickness of the aeronautical structure (5.2% for the cotton composite, 10.7% for the sisal composite), it was concluded that the replacement would be feasible, which would lead to a increase of the mass equal 6.2% for the sisal fiber composite. Finally, it was evidenced that the used flame retardant mass fraction has a great potential for optimization and that the natural composites efficiency can be improved.
This dissertation has aimed to study the mechanical behavior and the flammability of aeronautical interior structures manufactured from composites reinforced by natural fibers, specifically phenolic resin and cotton and sisal fibers composites, verifying the possibility of synthetic composites replacement. Firstly, experimental analyses were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the materials. Then, computational analyses were carried out, using properties of synthetic composites and composites reinforced by natural fibers. Also, failure criteria were applied, considering the synthetic composite performance of an interior aeronautical structure as reference. Furthermore, the behavior regarding flammability was analyzed. The addition of flame retardants was necessary for the composites reinforced by natural fibers in order to attend the aeronautical certification requirements. After the addition of flame retardants, an increase in the flexural modulus of elasticity (55% for the cotton composite, 16% for the sisal composite) and a decrease in the flexural stress at break (45% for the cotton composite, 55% for the sisal composite) were observed. However, with an increase of the thickness of the aeronautical structure (5.2% for the cotton composite, 10.7% for the sisal composite), it was concluded that the replacement would be feasible, which would lead to a increase of the mass equal 6.2% for the sisal fiber composite. Finally, it was evidenced that the used flame retardant mass fraction has a great potential for optimization and that the natural composites efficiency can be improved.
Palavras-chave
Aditivação, Inflamabilidade, Fibras naturais, Estruturas aeronáuticas, Compósitos, Análise estrutural, Composites, Flame retardant, Flammability, Aeronautical structures, Natural fibers, Structural analysis