Em busca de uma arquitetura sustentável: o uso de fontes alternativas de energia
Data
2017-11-15
Autores
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Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP
Universidade de São Paulo
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos
Universidade de São Paulo
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos
Resumo
Descrição
A atual situação de degradação ambiental tem sido muito discutida nos últimos anos. Um dos principais fatores agravantes dessa situação é a crescente demanda energética e suas atuais formas de produção. O petróleo, matriz energética mundial, é altamente poluente, e um combustível finito com o preço sempre crescente. A energia elétrica brasileira está baseada nas hidrelétricas, considerada fonte de energia limpa e renovável, porém o custo ambiental para sua construção é bem alto. Atualmente já existem tecnologias alternativas que podem servir essa crescente demanda energética sem prejudicar o meio ambiente. Na arquitetura, como em todas as áreas, houve um aumento com preocupação, e o estudo sobre o desempenho energético das edificações para reduzir a demanda de energia se tornou um assunto em pauta. Medidas e soluções estão sendo tomadas na decisão dos projetos mais sustentáveis. Mas para isso, o profissional deve estar atento às novas tecnologias alternativas de produção e distribuição de energia. Quando em um projeto é considerado o uso de fontes alternativas e o uso de técnicas de iluminação e ventilação natural, pode-se economizar não só nas despesas direcionadas para as fornecedoras de energia, mas poupar recursos naturais, ajudando a preservar o meio ambiente, fundamental para a nossa sobrevivência. Este trabalho traz algumas definições sobre sustentabilidade e a relação que a arquitetura tem com a problemática ambiental através da energia. Foi feita uma procura de novas tecnologias de produção e geração de energia e então, composto um estado da arte dos principais centros mundiais em P&D e dos projetos de demonstração envolvendo células à combustível, uma nova tecnologia que gera energia limpa in loco, descrevendo as características mais importantes destes projetos e compilando os resultados para uma possível adaptação aqui no Brasil, a fim de que diminua a participação das edificações no consumo de energia elétrica produzida a partir de hidrelétricas. O objetivo desta pesquisa é contribuir com a disseminação do conhecimento sobre energias alternativas e renováveis no meio arquitetônico, e demonstrar os principais centros mundiais em P&D e os projetos de demonstração que envolvam a geração de energia limpa através das células à combustível para uma adaptação no contexto brasileiro. Os resultados dessa pesquisa foram a constatação de que em todos países desenvolvidos há um forte apoio governamental para introdução dessa nova tecnologia de geração de energia para possibilitar futuramente a \"Economia do Hidrogênio\". A maioria dos projetos pesquisados são de células de tecnologia tipo PEM e abastecidas à gás natural (GN), pois esses países já possuem uma infra-estrutura formada para o GN. No contexto brasileiro, o apoio governamental à essa nova tecnologia ainda é pouco, salvo o fomento de algumas instituições como FAPESP, CAPES, CNPQ e centros universitários. Esta ausência governamental deixa espaço para respostas a curto prazo às novas demandas de energia elétrica ocasionando o preenchimento com outros tipos de fontes de energia poluentes e fósseis como é o caso do aumento das termelétricas ultimamente.
The current situation of environmental degradation has been much discussed in recent years. One of the main factors aggravating this situation is the growing energy demand and its current production methods most used. The oil, world energy matrix, is highly polluting fuel and a finite with the ever-increasing price. The Brazilian energy matrix is based on hydro, considered a clean and renewable source of energy, but the environmental cost and its construction are very high. Nowadays, there are alternative technologies that can serve this growing energy demand without harming the environment. In architecture, as in all areas, there was an increase in concern, and the study on the energy performance of buildings to reduce energy demand has become a subject matter. Measures and solutions are being taken in deciding the projects more sustainable. But for this, the practitioner must be aware of new alternative technologies of production and distribution of energy. When a project is considered the use of alternative techniques and the use of natural lighting and ventilation, you can save not only the costs directed for energy providers, but save natural resources, helping to preserve the environment, essential for our survival. This study offers some definitions of sustainability and the relationship that architecture has with the environment through energy. It was made a demand for new production technologies and power generation and then made a \"state of the art world\'s main centers of R&D and demonstration projects involving fuel cells, describing the most important features of these projects and compiling the results for a possible adjustment in Brazil, in order to decrease the participation of the buildings in the consumption of electricity produced from hydropower plants in Brazil. The research aims to contribute to the dissemination of knowledge on alternative and renewable energy among architectural and demonstrate the major world centers in R & D and demonstration projects involving the application of clean energy through fuel cells to adapt Brazilian context. The results of this research was the finding that in all developed countries there is strong government support for the introduction of this new technology to generate energy to enable a future \"Hydrogen Economy\". Most projects are cell PEM technology and supplied with natural gas because these countries already have an infrastructure set up to NG. In the Brazilian context, government support to this new technology is still little, except the promotion of some institutions like FAPESP, CAPES, CNPq and universities. This government leaves no room for short-term responses to new demands for power resulting in filling other types of no clean energy clean and fuels such as increasing the thermal power plants.
The current situation of environmental degradation has been much discussed in recent years. One of the main factors aggravating this situation is the growing energy demand and its current production methods most used. The oil, world energy matrix, is highly polluting fuel and a finite with the ever-increasing price. The Brazilian energy matrix is based on hydro, considered a clean and renewable source of energy, but the environmental cost and its construction are very high. Nowadays, there are alternative technologies that can serve this growing energy demand without harming the environment. In architecture, as in all areas, there was an increase in concern, and the study on the energy performance of buildings to reduce energy demand has become a subject matter. Measures and solutions are being taken in deciding the projects more sustainable. But for this, the practitioner must be aware of new alternative technologies of production and distribution of energy. When a project is considered the use of alternative techniques and the use of natural lighting and ventilation, you can save not only the costs directed for energy providers, but save natural resources, helping to preserve the environment, essential for our survival. This study offers some definitions of sustainability and the relationship that architecture has with the environment through energy. It was made a demand for new production technologies and power generation and then made a \"state of the art world\'s main centers of R&D and demonstration projects involving fuel cells, describing the most important features of these projects and compiling the results for a possible adjustment in Brazil, in order to decrease the participation of the buildings in the consumption of electricity produced from hydropower plants in Brazil. The research aims to contribute to the dissemination of knowledge on alternative and renewable energy among architectural and demonstrate the major world centers in R & D and demonstration projects involving the application of clean energy through fuel cells to adapt Brazilian context. The results of this research was the finding that in all developed countries there is strong government support for the introduction of this new technology to generate energy to enable a future \"Hydrogen Economy\". Most projects are cell PEM technology and supplied with natural gas because these countries already have an infrastructure set up to NG. In the Brazilian context, government support to this new technology is still little, except the promotion of some institutions like FAPESP, CAPES, CNPq and universities. This government leaves no room for short-term responses to new demands for power resulting in filling other types of no clean energy clean and fuels such as increasing the thermal power plants.
Palavras-chave
Arquitetura sustentável, Células a combustível, Eficiência energética, Fontes alternativas de energia, Alternative energy, Energy efficiency, Fuel cells, Sustainable architecture