Estudo de cianobactérias em reservatório com elevado grau de trofia (Reservatório de Salto Grande - Americana - SP)
Data
2017-11-15
Autores
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP
Universidade de São Paulo
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos
Universidade de São Paulo
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos
Resumo
Descrição
O estudo das florações de cianobactérias potencialmente tóxicas é de fundamental importância, principalmente se tratando de um reservatório de grande valor econômico e social, devido a seus usos múltiplos e localização próxima a grandes centros urbanos como é o reservatório de Salto Grande (Americana - SP). Assim, este trabalho visou fornecer subsídios para formulação de prognóstico da ocorrência de cianobactérias e produção de toxinas em ambientes aquáticos com elevado grau de eutrofização. Para isto, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três escalas: em macrocosmo (represa), foi determinada a variação da ocorrência das espécies de cianobactérias e das demais classes fitoplanctônicas, e analisado o potencial tóxico das amostras coletadas nos meses chuvosos (janeiro, fevereiro e março/98) e de estiagem (junho, julho, agosto e setembro/98) em duas estações de coleta no reservatório de Salto Grande; em mesocosmo (tanques), verificou-se, durante o período de seca, as variações na ocorrência das classes fitoplanctônicas e das espécies de cianobatérias e produção de toxinas, em função da manipulação da razão N/P através da dosagem de nitrogênio e fósforo na água; em microcosmo (garrafões de vidro, em laboratório), foi testado o efeito da redução de fósforo e conseqüente aumento da razão N/P sobre o crescimento e produção de toxinas em culturas de cepas de Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing, isoladas a partir de amostras de florações desta espécie no reservatório de Salto Grande, durante os meses chuvosos e os secos. No ambiente foi detectada a presença de microcistinas na água de todos os dias de coleta, exceto em 25/02/99. Em geral, as concentrações estiveram abaixo do limite de aceitabilidade (1 μg.L-1), com exceção da estação 2 nos dias 27/01/99 (39,53 μg.L-1) e 22/03/99 (3,98 μg.L-1). Nos experimentos em mesocosmos notou-se um aumento da densidade fitoplanctônica) nas 3 condições distintas. Na condição controle (sem manipulação), ocorreu um sensível aumento da porcentagem de contribuição das cianobactérias e diminuição dos demais grupos ao longo dos 11 dias. Na condição de razão N/P baixa, houve um pequeno aumento na porcentagem de contribuição das cianobactérias e clorofíceas, uma diminuição das criptofíceas e os demais grupos não apresentaram grandes alterações. Sob razões N/P alta, as cianobactérias tiveram um aumento, as clorofíceas mantiveram-se constantes e as criptofíceas diminuíram em relação às porcentagens iniciais. As condições dos tanques mantidos com razão N/P baixa foram mais favoráveis às clorofíceas. As cianobactérias apresentaram um aumento de biomassa nas condições dos tanques mantidos com razão N/P alta. Em microcosmos, a fase exponencial teve início no oitavo dia de cultivo em todos os testes. Ao completar aproximadamente 18 dias de experimento, notou-se uma diminuição no rendimento das culturas em meio ASM-1 com redução de fósforo. Em todas as escalas estudadas constatou-se que a concentração de microcistina esteve relacionada a fatores favoráveis ao desenvolvimento das espécies tóxicas. Entretanto, os fatores determinantes para o crescimento de cianobactérias tóxicas, apresentaram diferentes papéis em casa escala estudada. No macrocosmo, a estabilidade da coluna d\'água foi fundamental para o estabelecimento de maiores densidades de espécies tóxicas. Nos mesocosmos, o enriquecimento foi responsável pelo aumento da densidade de espécies tóxicas. Nos microcosmos, a disponibilidade de fósforo esteve diretamente relacionada à taxa de crescimento de Microcystis aeruginosa e conseqüentemente, ao aumento da concentração de microcistina.
The study of the bloom of potential toxic cyanobacteria is of paramount significance, mainly when a reservoir endowed with great social and economical values due to both its multiple uses and its nearness to big urban centres - such as the Salto Grande reservoir, located near the city of Americana in the inland of the State of São Paulo, Brazil - is concerned. Based on such actuality, this work was aimed at supplying resources to devise forecasting the occurrence of cyanobacteria as well as the production of toxins in aquatic environments in which high eutrophication levels are observed. Towards this target, the research was carried out in the three steps that follow. In macrocosmic level (reservoir), the variations of the occurrence of both the cyanobacteria species and the remaining phytoplankton classes were found out, and then the toxic potentiality of the samples collected during the rainy season (January, February and March 1998) and the dry season (June, July, August and September 1998) in two sampling stations at the Salto Grande reservoir was analysed. In mesocosrnic scale (tanks), the variations in the occurrences of the classes of phytoplankton and of the cyanobacteria species - as well as the variations in production of toxins as a function of the ratio N/P that was dealt with by means of dosing nitrogen and phosphorus in the water - were observed during the dry season. In microcosmic level (glass bottles \"in lab\"), the effect of reducing phosphorus (and consequently increasing the ratio N/P) on the growth and the production of toxins in cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing strains - isolated from bloom samples of this species at the Salto Grande reservoir, during the wet and the dry seasons - was tested. At the environment, the presence of rnicrocystin in the water of all the samples, with the exception of the 25th of February 1999, was detected. Apart from the station 2 during January 2th 1999 (39.53 µg.L-1) and March 2th 1999 (3.98 µg.L-1), the concentrations stayed below the limit of acceptability (1 µg.L-1). At the experiments in mesocosmic scale, in 3 different conditions, increasing in phytoplankton density was observed. At the control condition (without manipulation), both reasonable augmentation of the percentage of the cyanobacteria contribution and diminishment of the other groups during the 11 days were detected. Under the condition of low N/P ratio, a slight rise of the percentage of the cyanobacteria and chlorophycea contribution and a decrease of the cryptophycea were observed; the other groups did not present much change. Under the condition of high N/P ratio, it was seen that the cyanobacteria increased, the chlorophycea remained unaffected and the cryptophycea decreased in comparison to the initial percentages. The conditions ofthe tanks that had been maintained at low N/P ratio favoured more the chlorophycea. The cyanobacteria presented biomass augmentation under the conditions of the tanks that had been maintained with high N/P ratio. For every test at the microcosmic level, the exponential stage had begun at the 8th development day. After being experimented for nearly 18 days, yield decrease of the cultures at the environment ASM-1 with phosphorus reduction was observed. In every scale that had been studied, it was noted that the microcystin concentration is related to unfavourable factors as far as the development of the toxic species is concerned. However, the determining causes for the growth of toxic cyanobacteria played different roles in each scale studied. At the macrocosmic level, enrichment was the responsible for increasing the density of the toxic species. At the microcosmic level, phosphorus availability had been directly related to Microcystis aeruginosa growth rate and, therefore, to the increase of microcystin concentration.
The study of the bloom of potential toxic cyanobacteria is of paramount significance, mainly when a reservoir endowed with great social and economical values due to both its multiple uses and its nearness to big urban centres - such as the Salto Grande reservoir, located near the city of Americana in the inland of the State of São Paulo, Brazil - is concerned. Based on such actuality, this work was aimed at supplying resources to devise forecasting the occurrence of cyanobacteria as well as the production of toxins in aquatic environments in which high eutrophication levels are observed. Towards this target, the research was carried out in the three steps that follow. In macrocosmic level (reservoir), the variations of the occurrence of both the cyanobacteria species and the remaining phytoplankton classes were found out, and then the toxic potentiality of the samples collected during the rainy season (January, February and March 1998) and the dry season (June, July, August and September 1998) in two sampling stations at the Salto Grande reservoir was analysed. In mesocosrnic scale (tanks), the variations in the occurrences of the classes of phytoplankton and of the cyanobacteria species - as well as the variations in production of toxins as a function of the ratio N/P that was dealt with by means of dosing nitrogen and phosphorus in the water - were observed during the dry season. In microcosmic level (glass bottles \"in lab\"), the effect of reducing phosphorus (and consequently increasing the ratio N/P) on the growth and the production of toxins in cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing strains - isolated from bloom samples of this species at the Salto Grande reservoir, during the wet and the dry seasons - was tested. At the environment, the presence of rnicrocystin in the water of all the samples, with the exception of the 25th of February 1999, was detected. Apart from the station 2 during January 2th 1999 (39.53 µg.L-1) and March 2th 1999 (3.98 µg.L-1), the concentrations stayed below the limit of acceptability (1 µg.L-1). At the experiments in mesocosmic scale, in 3 different conditions, increasing in phytoplankton density was observed. At the control condition (without manipulation), both reasonable augmentation of the percentage of the cyanobacteria contribution and diminishment of the other groups during the 11 days were detected. Under the condition of low N/P ratio, a slight rise of the percentage of the cyanobacteria and chlorophycea contribution and a decrease of the cryptophycea were observed; the other groups did not present much change. Under the condition of high N/P ratio, it was seen that the cyanobacteria increased, the chlorophycea remained unaffected and the cryptophycea decreased in comparison to the initial percentages. The conditions ofthe tanks that had been maintained at low N/P ratio favoured more the chlorophycea. The cyanobacteria presented biomass augmentation under the conditions of the tanks that had been maintained with high N/P ratio. For every test at the microcosmic level, the exponential stage had begun at the 8th development day. After being experimented for nearly 18 days, yield decrease of the cultures at the environment ASM-1 with phosphorus reduction was observed. In every scale that had been studied, it was noted that the microcystin concentration is related to unfavourable factors as far as the development of the toxic species is concerned. However, the determining causes for the growth of toxic cyanobacteria played different roles in each scale studied. At the macrocosmic level, enrichment was the responsible for increasing the density of the toxic species. At the microcosmic level, phosphorus availability had been directly related to Microcystis aeruginosa growth rate and, therefore, to the increase of microcystin concentration.
Palavras-chave
Cianobactéria, Toxinas, Reservatório eutrófico, Fitoplâncton, Fósforo, Razão nitrogênio fósforo, Microcystis, Phytoplankton, Phosphorus, Nitrogen-phosphorus ratio, Microcystis, Eutrophic reservoir, Cyanobacteria, Toxins