Colapso de edifício por ruptura das estacas: estudo das causas e da recuperação
Data
2017-11-15
Autores
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Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP
Universidade de São Paulo
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos
Universidade de São Paulo
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos
Resumo
Descrição
A maior parte dos acidentes em edifícios, causados por falhas de projeto ou de execução, ocorre na fase de construção. Além de causar prejuízos financeiros, eles colocam em risco a vida dos trabalhadores da obra. Porém, mais graves são os acidentes verificados após o término da construção. Além dos prejuízos serem muito maiores, eles podem envolver pessoas de todos os tipos, crianças, mulheres e idosos. São muitos os casos em que o colapso global do edifício decorre de problemas na fundação. Esse é o caso do edifício considerado neste trabalho, localizado no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo. Trata-se de um edifício para veraneio, em alvenaria estrutural, com garagem no térreo e quatro andares de apartamentos, apoiado em estacas pré-moldadas, cravadas em solo instável. Pouco tempo após a conclusão e parcialmente ocupado, apresentou recalques e patologias significativas que exigiram providências, reforço de pilares de alvenaria inclusive. Antes que fossem detectadas as causas dos recalques, durante uma madrugada, o edifício desabou: em um lado do edifício, o primeiro pavimento encostou-se ao chão. Felizmente, era um dia-de-semana, fora da alta temporada, e não havia pessoas no seu interior. Também o vigia estava fora do edifício e nada sofreu, além de um grande susto. Os objetivos deste trabalho são descrever o problema ocorrido com esse edifício e analisar as causas e as providências possíveis para sua recuperação, já que os andares superiores praticamente nada sofreram. Serão apresentados os resultados de uma investigação no local e de uma análise para determinação dos esforços e das causas da ruptura das estacas, que provocaram o colapso do edifício. Ficou evidente que o aterro localizado sobre o pavimento térreo e o sistema de fundação do edifício não estavam adequados para o tipo de solo do terreno. Tais fatores tiveram papel fundamental para a ruptura do sistema. A importância de se conhecer minuciosamente essas causas transcende a presente obra, pois pelo mesmo motivo, outras construções podem apresentar danos semelhantes.
Most of the buildings accidents, caused by project flaws or of execution, it happens in the construction phase. Besides causing financial damages, they put in risk the workers life. However, more serious accidents are verified after the end of the construction. Besides the damages are larger, they can involve all types of people, children, women and senior. In many cases the global building collapse elapses of foundation problems. That is the case of the building considered in this work, located in the north coast of São Paulo State. Treated of a building for summer vacation, in structural masonry, with garage in the earthy pavement and four floors of apartments, leaning in premolded piles, nailed in unstable soil. After the conclusion and partially in use, it presented repress and significant pathologies that demanded providences, column masonry reinforcement besides. Before detected the repress causes, during one dawn, the building tumbled: on a side of the building, the first pavement was leaned to the ground. Happily, it was a weekday, out of the high season, and there were not people inside. Also the watchmen was out of the building and nothing suffered, besides a great fright. The objectives of this healthy work are to describe the problem happened with that building, to analyze the causes and the possible providences for it recovery, since the superior walks practically nothing suffered. The results of a local investigation, an analysis for determination the efforts and the causes of the piles rupture will be presented, that provoked the building collapse. It was evident that the located embankment on the earthy pavement and the building foundation system, they were not adapted for the soil type of the land. Such factors had fundamental paper for the system rupture. The importance of knowing those causes thoroughly, transcends to present work, because for the same reason other constructions can present similar damages.
Most of the buildings accidents, caused by project flaws or of execution, it happens in the construction phase. Besides causing financial damages, they put in risk the workers life. However, more serious accidents are verified after the end of the construction. Besides the damages are larger, they can involve all types of people, children, women and senior. In many cases the global building collapse elapses of foundation problems. That is the case of the building considered in this work, located in the north coast of São Paulo State. Treated of a building for summer vacation, in structural masonry, with garage in the earthy pavement and four floors of apartments, leaning in premolded piles, nailed in unstable soil. After the conclusion and partially in use, it presented repress and significant pathologies that demanded providences, column masonry reinforcement besides. Before detected the repress causes, during one dawn, the building tumbled: on a side of the building, the first pavement was leaned to the ground. Happily, it was a weekday, out of the high season, and there were not people inside. Also the watchmen was out of the building and nothing suffered, besides a great fright. The objectives of this healthy work are to describe the problem happened with that building, to analyze the causes and the possible providences for it recovery, since the superior walks practically nothing suffered. The results of a local investigation, an analysis for determination the efforts and the causes of the piles rupture will be presented, that provoked the building collapse. It was evident that the located embankment on the earthy pavement and the building foundation system, they were not adapted for the soil type of the land. Such factors had fundamental paper for the system rupture. The importance of knowing those causes thoroughly, transcends to present work, because for the same reason other constructions can present similar damages.
Palavras-chave
Colapso estrutural, Solo instável, Ruptura de estacas, Recuperação estrutural, Recalques, Repress, Piles rupture, Structural collapse, Structural recovery, Unstable soil